A doughnut-shaped building that looks like a
sports arena may soon rise beside the Chesapeake Bay - a cooling tower for a
huge new nuclear reactor proposed at the Calvert Cliffs power plant in Southern Maryland.
The state-of-the-art cooling system would enable the new reactor to recycle
water, thus drawing 98 percent less from the bay than the two existing
reactors, which opened in 1975 and 1977.
The low and wide circular structure would look different from the tall,
hourglass-shaped cooling towers that have become an iconic symbol of nuclear
power - as featured, for example, in the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant where
the cartoon character Homer Simpson works.
"We are using a new technology—a hybrid cooling tower—instead of
drawing large amounts of water out of the Chesapeake Bay,"
said George Vanderheyden, a vice president at Constellation Energy and
president of a joint venture called UniStar Nuclear Energy LLC that has
proposed the $4 billion reactor in partnership with a French company,
Electricite de France.
Some environmentalists praise the idea of using less bay water but still
question the safety and cost of nuclear power.
If the project wins federal and state approvals, and Constellation decides to
proceed, the reactor could be the first started in the United States since the Three Mile Island accident
in Pennsylvania
in 1979.
The "evolutionary power reactor," targeted for opening in 2015, would
be among a class of eight generators proposed around the world that would be
larger than any operating today. The new Calvert Cliffs reactor would boost the
amount of electricity that Maryland
gets from nuclear power from 20 percent to 35 percent.
The Calvert Cliffs plant does not have cooling towers today. Instead, its two
reactors draw 2.4 million gallons of water per minute out of the Chesapeake to
cool the steam that spins electric turbines, with the water returned to the bay
about 10 degrees warmer.
One drawback to the current system is that it kills about 69,000 fish a year
that get trapped by the plant's intake filters, according to the Maryland Department
of Natural Resources. Regulations imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency in 2001 require new power plants to use advanced technology to avoid
killing fish.
"Power plants that don't have cooling towers slaughter fish by the
millions—they kill fish eggs and microscopic organisms that are an intricate
part of an ecosystem like the Chesapeake Bay,"
said Reed Super, senior staff attorney for the Columbia University
Environmental Law Clinic, which represented the Hudson Riverkeeper, an advocacy
group, in a lawsuit that forced the new regulations.
"So, reducing the intake of water by 95 percent or more is going to reduce
the fish kills by an equivalent percentage," Super said.
Richard McLean, a manager at the DNR's power plant research project, said the
federal regulations would prohibit a new reactor at Calvert Cliffs from using
the Chesapeake Bay as its primary cooling
system.
"There was no way they could withdraw water from the bay and meet the new
EPA regulations," said McLean. "So
they have to do something else—essentially a cooling tower operation."
The two old reactors will keep sucking in and spitting out about 3.4 billion
gallons of bay water a day as they continue running at least through 2034 and
2036, when their licenses expire.
A tiny amount of radioactive material escapes. But the levels are so low—.03
percent of the natural background radioactivity from the Earth—that they do
not pose any significant threat to human health or the environment, according
to a report by the Department of Natural Resources.
Johanna Neumann, policy advocate for the Maryland Public Interest Research
Group, which has been protesting the Calvert Cliffs expansion, said it's good
that the new reactor would use less water. But she said that is overshadowed by
other "significant disadvantages" of nuclear power, for example the
cost of construction and the lack of a long-term plan for storing spent fuel
rods.
"The highly toxic radioactive waste that comes out of Calvert Cliffs lasts
for tens of thousands of years," Neumann said.
The two reactors in the 1,829 megawatt plant produce enough electricity for
about 1.3 million homes and use about 44 tons of enriched uranium a year. For
more than a decade, the plant has been storing thousands of spent fuel rods in
concrete vaults surrounded by barbed-wire fences on its guarded 2,057-acre
site.
The new 1,600 megawatt reactor would have pools of water large enough to store
spent fuel rods for 10 to 20 years. After that, the plant might put them in
concrete bunkers similar to those the old plant uses, according to
Constellation officials. The long-term plan, they said, would be to move all
the waste to a federal repository in Yucca
Mountain, Nev., whose
opening has been delayed for decades.
Wilson Parran, president of the Calvert County Commission, said he's not
worried about the safety of spent fuel rods or the new reactor.
"I feel that the waste is safely contained," said Parran, whose board
has endorsed the project and encouraged it through millions of dollars in tax
breaks. "There is no real danger of it being broken open and contaminating
the bay," he said.
The new reactor's short, squat cooling tower—about 165 feet tall and 530 feet
wide—would be visible to boaters on the bay, but not to neighbors.
A more conventional cooling tower would have been about 600 feet tall and would
have been seen from the road and nearby homes. It would have cost about $55
million less than the planned $125 million hybrid tower, which costs more
because it uses fans to cool water instead of using a chimney shape to draw
water vapor into the sky, according to Constellation.
A similar hybrid cooling tower was built in 1988 at the Neckarwestheim nuclear
plant in West Germany.
Another French company that Constellation is working with, Areva, is planning
the same type of towers for four new reactors it is proposing in the United States, including in Missouri,
Pennsylvania and upstate New York, said Ray Ganthner, an Areva vice
president.
These low-slung, fan-driven cooling systems work more efficiently in hot
weather than tall cooling towers, meaning that the plants can generate more
electricity in summer, when it's needed most, he said.
Areva's design of 1,600 megawatt reactors is also different from older reactors
in that the generator would be more powerful (the largest in the United States
today is 1,335 megawatts) and surrounded by two containment buildings, each
made of 5-foot-thick reinforced concrete, Ganthner said. By contrast, most of
the 104 reactors now operating in the United States have one containment
building. The Chernobyl reactor that melted down
in the Soviet Union in 1986 had no containment
structure.
The double shields are designed to protect the reactors even from direct hits
by commercial airliners.
"They are a rugged design," Ganthner said.
